Year+10+Biology+-+Separate+Science

Welcome! This is the Year 10 Biology Page for Separate Science IGCSE (CIE)

Central Resources Pages - Biology Separates.


 * ==**Unit and Topic**== || ==**Learning Outcomes**== || ==**Resources**==

**What have you produced towards these learning outcomes? What other resources do you have to help you with these outcomes?**
|| ==**Reflection**==

**What could have been better?**
|| ==**Targets**==

**What are your next steps?**
|| ==**Follow up**==

**What is the evidence of this?**
|| ==**Comments**== || List and describe the characteristics of living organisms:
 * Charactersistics of Living Organisms || __1. Charactersistics of Living Organisms __

• //nutrition// (taking in nutrients which are organic substances and mineral ions, containing raw materials or energy for growth and tissue repair, absorbing and assimilating them) • //excretion// (removal from organisms of toxic materials, the waste products of metabolism (chemical reactions in cells including respiration) and substances in excess of requirements) • //respiration// (chemical reactions that break down nutrient molecules in living cells to release energy) • //sensitivity// (ability to detectand respond to stimuli) • //reproduction// (processes that make more of the same kind of organism)

• //growth// (permanent increase in size and dry mass by an increase in cell number or cell size or both) • //movement// (action by an organism or part of an organism causing a change of position or place) || Use MRS GREN or MRS NERG to remember the 7 life processes.

Remembering the complete meaning of the 7 life processes.

A mind map of this topic || I printed out textbook pages to make it easier to read and make notes.

I can remember the 7 life processes with MRS GREN.

I can remember most of the definition for the 7 life processes.

We were given pop quizzes that help us remembering the life processes and their meaning. There fore commendations for them so it pushes us to remember what we have learned quickly.

We had two experiments with the microscope which is fun but I think more experiments can help the lessons get more interesting.

I can understand thoroughly the seven life processes || I need to remember the complete definitions of the life processes.

Then, I need to test my knowledge again with quizzes on the internet.

I need to remember the key words || I have completed both of my target and now I can give more detailed definitions for the life processes. || This is unit is not a very difficult unit, however I believe it is a very important one since we are going to use them a lot later on.

This unit is fairly easy as i already learnt it in year 7,8 and 9. || • Define and describe the // binomial system // of naming species as a system in which the scientific name of an organism is made up of two parts showing the genus and species • List the main features of the following vertebrates: bony fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals || I have made notes of these things in my folder, define the definition of binomial system and produced a table of it and give some examples.
 * || __2.1 Classification and diversity of living organisms__Core

The vertebrae are quite easy to me because I have covered them in year 7- it is now as a recap or a revision. || Made game cards to test our knowledge which are very helpful || I would do the same thing as I've said above. In addition I would also like to find books in the library about them. || I've done one of my targets and yes, it did work. I feel like I remember quite alot about this topic now. || Yes this is also quite fine for me. || I've studied this by analyzing pages in the textbook. By analyzing and reference to some cells I can easily remember parts of the three microorganisms! || Played educational games in class with white board and a pen. I've also joined in with group readings and played with the class in a game online. || I would search on the internet, do some quizzes and revise.... OFTEN. || Still a bit...nearly there though. I've remembered MOST parts by now. || With a few of revision more, I'll be OK with this. || I've taken down notes for this as well and will revise carefully at home. || Took a quiz in class and got it all right. I'm proud of my skill that now I have improved my reading skill that can remember quickly after 1 read. This proves that group reading comes in real handy. || Make them into tables to make them more organized-classified or neat in order for me to remember them easily. Remember definitions. HIGHLIGHT MAIN FEATURES. || The athropods and the phylum are fine to me. Now it's only the flowering plants. I need self-study on that. || Yeah. With this target in mind I'll be alright. || • Use simple dichotomous keys based on easily identifiable features ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   || Core • State that living organisms are made of cells • Identify and describe the structure of a plant cell (palisade cell) and an animal cell (liver cell), as seen under a light microscope • Describe the differences in structure between typical animal and plant cells ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   || • Calculate magnification and size of biological specimens using millimetres as units ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   || Core • Define // diffusion // as the net movement of molecules from a region of their higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration down a concentration gradient, as a result of their random movement • Describe the importance of diffusion of gases and solutes and of water as a solvent ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   || • Define // active transport // as movement of ions in or out of a cell through the cell membrane, from a region of their lower concentration to a region of their higher concentration against a concentration gradient, using energy released during respiration • Discuss the importance of active transport as an energy-consuming process by which substances are transported against a concentration gradient, e.g. ion uptake by root hairs and uptake of glucose by epithelial cells of villi ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   || Core • Define // osmosis // as the diffusion of water molecules from a region of their higher concentration (dilute solution) to a region of their lower concentration (concentrated solution), through a partially permeable membrane • Describe the importance of osmosis in the uptake of water by plants, and its effects on plant and animal tissues ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   || Core • Define the term // catalyst // as a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction and is not changed by the reaction • Define // enzymes // as proteins that function as biological catalysts • Investigate and describe the effect of changes in temperature and pH on enzyme activity ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   || • Explain enzyme action in terms of the ‘lock and key’ model • Explain the effect of changes in temperature and pH on enzyme activity • Describe the role of enzymes in the germination of seeds, and their uses in biological washing products and in the food industry (including pectinase and fruit juice) • Outline the use of microorganisms and fermenters to manufacture the antibiotic penicillin and enzymes for use in biological washing powders • Describe the role of the fungus // Penicillium // in the production of antibiotic penicillin ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   || Core • Define // nutrition // as taking in of nutrients which are organic substances and mineral ions, containing raw materials or energy for growth and tissue repair, absorbing and assimilating them ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   || as the fundamental process by which plants manufacture carbohydrates from raw materials using energy from light • State the word equation for the production of simple sugars and oxygen • Investigate the necessity for chlorophyll, light and carbon dioxide for photosynthesis, using appropriate controls • Describe the intak e of carbon dioxide and water by plants • Explain that chlorophyll traps light energy and converts it into chemical energy for the formation of carbohydrates and their subsequent storage ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   || factor as something present in the environment in such short supply that it restricts life processes • Explain the concept of limiting factors in photosynthesis • Explain the use of carbon dioxide enrichment, optimum light and optimum temperatures in glasshouse systems ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   || Core • Describe the importance of: • nitrate ions for protein synthesis • magnesium ions for chlorophyll synthesis • Describe the uses, and the dangers of overuse, of nitrogen fertilisers ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   || as taking substances (e.g. food, drink) into the body through the mouth • Define // egestion // as passing out of food that has not been digested, as faeces, through the anus • Identify the main regions of the alimentary canal and associated organs including mouth, salivary glands, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine: duodenum and ileum, pancreas, liver, gall bladder, large intestine: colon and rectum, anus • Describe the functions of the regions of the alimentary canal listed above, in relation to ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation and egestion of food (cross reference 6.3.4, 6.3.5, 6.3.6 and 6.3.7) ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   || as the break-down of large, insoluble food molecules into small, watersoluble molecules using mechanical and chemical processes • Identify the types of human teeth and describe their structure and functions • State the causes of dental decay and describe the proper care of teeth • Describe the process of chewing • Describe the role of longitudinal and circular muscles in peristalsis • Outline the role of bile in emulsifying fats, to increase the surface area for the action of enzymes ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   || as movement of digested food molecules through the wall of the intestine into the blood or lymph • Identify the small intestine as the region for the absorption of digested food • Describe the significance of villi in increasing the internal surface area of the small intestine ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   || 3 per day) ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||  as movement of digested  food molecules into the cells of the body where they are used, becoming part of the cells • Describe the role of the liver in the metabolism of glucose (glucose → glycogen) and amino acids (amino acids → proteins and destruction of excess amino acids) • Describe the role of fat as an energy storage substance ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||  as removal of the nitrogen-containing  part of amino acids to form urea, followed by release of energy from the remainder of the amino acid • State that the liver is the site of breakdown of alcohol and other toxins ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||  as evaporation of water at  the surfaces of the mesophyll cells followed by loss of water vapour from plant leaves, through the stomata • Describe how water vapour loss is related to cell surfaces, air spaces and stomata • Describe the effects of variation of temperature, humidity and light intensity on transpiration rate • Describe how wilting occurs ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||  contrasting environments,  to include pond, garden and desert, with emphasis on local examples (where appropriate) and the factors described in the core ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   || in terms of the movement of sucrose and amino acids in phloem; • from regions of production • to regions of storage OR to regions of utilisation in respiration or growth ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   || Core • Define // respiration // as the chemical reactions that break down nutrient molecules in living cells to release energy • State the uses of energy in the body of humans: muscle contraction, protein synthesis, cell division, active transport, growth, the passage of nerve impulses and the maintenance of a constant body temperature ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * || Supplement • Know that there are other classification systems e.g. cladistics (based on RNA/ DNA sequencing data) • List the main features used in the classification of the following groups: viruses, bacteria and fungi, and their adaptation to the environment, as appropriate || This unit is quite a new and interesting one for me.
 * || 2.2 Adaptations of organisms to their environment (to be illustrated by examples wherever possible) Core • List the main features used in the classification of the following groups: flowering plants (monocotyledons and eudicotyledons (dicotyledons)), arthropods (insects, crustaceans, arachnids and myriapods), annelids, nematodes and molluscs || This is also a brand new chapter for me as we've studied into more details into these groups in the KINGDOM.
 * || 3. Simple KeysCore
 * Section II: Organisation and maintenance of the organism || 1. Cell Structure and Organisation
 * || Supplement • Relate the structures seen under the light microscope in the plant cell and in the animal cell to their functions ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * || 2. Levels of Organisation Core • Relate the structure of the following to their functions: • ciliated cells – in respiratory tract • root hair cells – absorption • xylem vessels – conduction and support • muscle cells – contraction • red blood cells – transport ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * || Define: •// tissue // as a group of cells with similar  structures, working together to perform a shared function •// organ // as a structure made up of a group of tissues, working together to perform specific functions •// organ system // as a group of organs with related functions, working together to perform body functions using examples covered in Sections II and III ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * || 3. Size of SpecimensCore
 * || 4. Movement in and out of cells4.1 Diffusion
 * || 4.2 Active TransportSupplement
 * || 4.3 Osmosis
 * || • Describe and explain the importance of a water potential gradient in the uptake of water by plants ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * || 5. Enzymes
 * || Supplement
 * || 6. Nutrition
 * || 6.1 Nutrients Core • List the chemical elements that make up: • carbohydrates • fats • proteins • Describe the synthesis of large molecules from smaller basic units, i.e. • simple sugars to starch and glycogen • amino acids to proteins • fatty acids and glycerol to fats and oils ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * || • Describe tests for: • starch (iodine solution) • reducing sugars (Benedict’s solution) • protein (biuret test) • fats (ethanol) • List the principal sources of, and describe the importance of: • carbohydrates • fats • proteins • vitamins (C and D only) • mineral salts (calcium and iron only) • fibre (roughage) • water • Describe the deficiency symptoms for: • vitamins (C and D only) • mineral salts (calcium and iron only) ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * || 6.2.1 Photosynthesis Core • Define // photosynthesis //
 * || Supplement • State the balanced equation for photosynthesis in symbols • Investigate and state the effect of varying light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration and temperature on the rate of photosynthesis (e.g. in submerged aquatic plants) • Define the term // limiting //
 * || 6.2.2 Leaf structure Core • Identify and label the cuticle, cellular and tissue structure of a dicotyledonous leaf, as seen in cross-section under the light microscope, and describe the significance of these features in terms of functions, to include: • distribution of chloroplasts – photosynthesis • stomata and mesophyll cells – gas exchange • vascular bundles (xylem and phloem) – transport and support ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * || 6.2.3 Mineral requirements
 * || Supplement • Explain the effects of nitrate ion and magnesium ion deficiency on plant growth ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * 6.3 Animal nutrition || 6.3.1 Diet Core • State what is meant by the term balanced diet and describe a balanced diet related to age, sex and activity of an individual • Describe the effects of malnutrition in relation to starvation, coronary heart disease, constipation and obesity ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * || 6.3.2 Food supply Core • Discuss ways in which the use of modern technology has resulted in increased food production (to include modern agricultural machinery, chemical fertilisers, pesticides and herbicides, artificial selection) ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * || Supplement • Discuss the problems of world food supplies • Discuss the problems which contribute to famine (unequal distribution of food, drought and flooding and increasing population) ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * || 6.3.3 Human alimentary canal Core • Define // ingestion //
 * || 6.3.4 Mechanical and physical digestion Core • Define // digestion //
 * || Supplement • Describe how fluoride reduces tooth decay and explain arguments for and against the addition of fluoride to public water supplies ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * || 6.3.5 Chemical digestion Core • State the significance of chemical digestion in the alimentary canal in producing small, soluble molecules that can be absorbed • State where, in the alimentary canal, amylase, protease and lipase enzymes are secreted • State the functions of a typical amylase, a protease and a lipase, listing the substrate and end-products ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * || 6.3.6 Absorption Core • Define // absorption //
 * || Supplement • Describe the structure of a villus, including the role of capillaries and lacteals • State the role of the hepatic portal vein in the transport of absorbed food to the liver • Identify the role of the small intestine and colon in absorption of water (the small intestine absorbs 5–10 dm 3 per day, the colon 0.3–0.5 dm
 * || 6.3.7 Assimilation Core • Define // assimilation //
 * || Supplement • Define // deamination //
 * 7. Transportation || 7.1 Transport in plants Core • State the functions of xylem and phloem • Identify the positions of xylem and phloem tissues as seen in transverse sections of unthickened, herbaceous, dicotyledonous roots, stems and leaves ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * || 7.1.1 Water uptake Core • Identify root hair cells, as seen under the light microscope, and state their functions • State the pathway taken by water through root, stem and leaf (root hair, root cortex cells, xylem, mesophyll cells) • Investigate, using a suitable stain, the pathway of water through the above-ground parts of a plant ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * || Supplement • Relate the structure and functions of root hairs to their surface area and to water and ion uptake ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * || 7.1.2 Transpiration Core • Define // transpiration //
 * || Supplement • Explain the mechanism of water uptake and movement in terms of transpiration producing a tension (‘pull’) from above, creating a water potential gradient in the xylem, drawing cohesive water molecules up the plant. • Discuss the adaptations of the leaf, stem and root to ** three **
 * || 7.1.3 Translocation Core • Define // translocation //
 * || Supplement • Describe translocation throughout the plant of applied chemicals, including systemic pesticides • Compare the role of transpiration and translocation in the transport of materials from sources to sinks, within plants at different seasons ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * || 7.2 Transport in humans Core • Describe the circulatory system as a system of tubes with a pump and valves to ensure one-way flow of blood • Describe the double circulation in terms of a low pressure circulation to the lungs and a high pressure circulation to the body tissues and relate these differences to the different functions of the two circuits ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * || 7.2.1 Heart Core • Describe the structure of the heart including the muscular wall and septum, chambers, valves and associated blood vessels • Describe the function of the heart in terms of muscular contraction and the working of the valves • Investigate, state and explain the effect of physical activity on pulse rate • Describe coronary heart disease in terms of the blockage of coronary arteries and state the possible causes (diet, stress and smoking) and preventive measures ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * || 7.2.2 Arteries, veins and capillaries Core • Name the main blood vessels to and from the heart, lungs, liver and kidney • Describe the structure and functions of arteries, veins and capillaries ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * || Supplement • Explain how structure and function are related in arteries, veins and capillaries • Describe the transfer of materials between capillaries and tissue fluid ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * || 7.2.3 Blood Core • Identify red and white blood cells as seen under the light microscope on prepared slides, and in diagrams and photomicrographs • List the components of blood as red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma • State the functions of blood: • red blood cells – haemoglobin and oxygen transport • white blood cells – phagocytosis and antibody formation • platelets – causing clotting (no details) • plasma – transport of blood cells, ions, soluble nutrients, hormones, carbon dioxide, urea and plasma proteins ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * || Supplement • Describe the immune system in terms of antibody production, tissue rejection and phagocytosis • Describe the function of the lymphatic system in circulation of body fluids, and the production of lymphocytes • Describe the process of clotting (fibrinogen to fibrin only) ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * || 8. Respiration